A Critical Discourse Analysis of Socio-Psychological Factors in Taufiq Rafat’s “Wedding in the Flood”

People use language for different social practices in different contexts and perspectives, and discourse analysts examine these social practices for better understanding of the discourse. The language used by a poet is different from the language used by common people; the poetic diction helps to understand a poet’s literary style, his ideology, and the use of descriptive language. This article focuses on exposing the socio-psychological factors through examining the use of language in a free verse poem ‘Wedding in the Flood’ by Taufiq Rafat who tried to present different aspects of Pakistani culture in the poem. The socio-psychological factors combine the social (family, society, wealth, religion) and the psychological factors (feelings, thoughts, actions, beliefs) that play an important role in shaping the personality of an individual, and the characters in the poem are the best examples of it. This analysis is based on Fairclough’s conceptions in CDA that claims of an inter-link between ideologies and texts, and this link cannot be separated because there are many ways to interpret texts, and the Socio-Psychological Theory (20121) also combines many social and psychological factors of human life. Many researchers did the stylistic analysis of the poem, but nothing has been done to highlight its socio-psychological factors through CDA. dowry young who is are good examples factors of a society. Every character shows a different picture of the socio-psychological factors of human life by the lexical choices according to their level of social and psychological maturity. Fathers are advanced in age, experienced in family matters, financially mature and think about the betterment of their children. The father of the bridegroom seems to complain in a bad-tempered way about the dowry given to the bride because he may think that a valuable dowry can help to make his son’s financial position better. That is why, he desires of a bullock that can be used for ploughing – to make their financial position better. He is not happy at all to see a cot, a tin trunk and a looking glass because these things are of a little value and for the personal use of the bride; these things will bring no better change to his family. We can see that the father thinks about the betterment of his son and family, but he does not think about the financial condition, limitation of the bride’s family that is a kind of selfishness and greediness. It is all because of the socio-psychological factors of human life prevailing in the Pakistani society of that time.

growing interdisciplinary approach has its own ideology to study practical use of language in different contexts focusing on the social practices of language (Fairclough & Wodak, 1997), and these practices have their own purposes in different social situations. According to Wodak and Meyer (2009), "Discourse studies have at least seven dimensions in common" without any of which the text will not be communicative. Common people use language for different social practices, but a poet enjoys a unique status and freedom among the users of language…Poetic language mostly violates or deviates from the general language rules (Leech 1969), and the discourse analysts examine the use of language for better understanding of the discourse. He critically studies the linguistic choices and their various aspects to understand the use of language behind the text. The focus is on constructing or exposing realities by using logical arguments or counterarguments.
Discourse is always meaningful according to different interpretations in different contexts and perspectives (Amjad, 2018). Despite all that, gaps of ideas in discourse are always there which the researchers try to fill because the meaning of a sentence can be changed by placing the words, phrases, sentences in a different world. A sentence in a book of psychology can be interpreted differently from a sentence in literature. Moreover, the Socio-Psychological Theory (2021), according to businessjargons.com, asserts that individuals and society are interlinked; an individual strives to meet the needs of the society and the society helps him to attain his goals, and the personality of an individual is determined through this interaction. Critical discourse analysis emphasizes that ideas, facts, and knowledge are not static, but change while the discourse(s) change.
It is a methodology that enables a vigorous assessment of what is meant when language is used to describe and explain something.

Research Questions
This study critically analyzed only one important aspect of human life through the following research question.

1.
What are the important socio-psychological factors in the poem?

2.
How did the poet present different aspects of socio-psychological factors?

Review of Literature
Critical discourse analysis is a qualitative analytical study for critically describing, interpreting and explaining the ways in which discourses construct, maintain and legitimize social inequalities. Van Dijk (1998) believes that CDA and the studies of written and spoken texts have close connections that elaborate the discursive sources of power, dominance, bias and inequality. Fairclough (1993) developed a three-dimensional framework for studying discourse analysis of spoken and written language texts that is the description, analysis of its processing that is interpretation and social analysis that is explanation. Thus, CDA focuses on establishing logical connections among discourse, social practices, and their structures that a layman cannot understand. All social practices are possible because of language that fulfils the communicative purposes (Fairclough, 1995), and the language users perform their functions in different language structures. CDA tries to explore the links between structures and their social functions.
Moreover, the socio-psychological factors of human life combine the social (family, society, wealth, religion) and the psychological factors (feelings, thoughts, actions, beliefs) that play an important role in shaping the personality of an individual that we can see through different characters in the poem.
CDA is a field of great interest for the international linguistic community to make intellectual efforts to do discourse analysis of famous speeches, newspapers, and a piece of literary work to unfold the hidden meanings and realities. Many researchers have done stylistic analysis of Wedding in the Flood, but there is nothing noticeable on this poem in CDA. This study is a deliberate effort to contribute to the existing knowledge by filling the research gap.
The main analytical tool of this study is the "three-dimensional method of discourse analysis" by Fairclough namely the written or spoken language text, discourse, social and cultural practices.

3.Research Methodology
The researcher planned to analyse the poem 'Wedding in the Flood' by observing the references with a stamp of socio-psychological factors clearly seen through the characters, and their impacts on the social class where the marriage was celebrated. Only the qualitative paradigm was used for analysis through Fairclough's model of "three-dimensional method of discourse analysis."

4.Data Analysis
The data analysis was conducted focusing on the study questions of socio-psychological factors of human life. The analysis of the poem highlights the socio-psychological factors of human life through Pakistani cultural references in the poem that has a specific context. The most important verses from the poem with their critical discourse analysis are stated below to understand the socio-psychological factors behind the text.

a)
They are taking my girl away forever, sobs the bride's mother, as the procession forms slowly to the whine of the clarinet.
She was the shy one. How will she fare in that cold house, among these strangers?
This has been a long and difficult day.
In every society worldwide, the love and affection of mothers are exemplary, and they are considered more intense than that of other blood relations. Mothers are always worried about the betterment of their children from the very first day. Moreover, girls are closer to their mothers, and they share their secrets, feelings, and problems that they cannot share with their fathers, brothers and other relatives. So, it is a naturally emotional reaction of a mother at the time of her daughter's marriage to think of her future life in a new house. It is also a social and cultural factor, particularly in a Pakistani society of middle, lower-middle and poor class, to express love and emotions by weeping, shedding tears or crying on such occasion; it is disliked if someone does not express such emotions, even fathers and brothers do so, but the strongest and matchless emotional expression is of a real mother, and the opening lines paint a true picture of it. There is a long complaining cry from a musical instrument and an expression of sadness from the mother. The mothers know almost everything about their daughters, so they can confirm the important factors of their daughters' personalities that the girls of such social classes can be nervous or timid in the company of other people. Based on her experience about the nature of her daughter, the mother is worried about her daughter's performance in a specific way in a particular situation of the new house where she is being taken for ever; the house where there is no one who has warm and strong feelings for her at this moment. Love, likeness, and feelings of sympathy are related to some blood relations and friends that develop gradually and cannot be ...as they help the bride into the palankeen.
The girl has been licking too many pots… After painting a natural scene of a rainy day, the poet gives many socio-psychological references of arranging the marriage lunch in the open, the bride is taken to the palanquin at the time of departure that is symbol of great respect and licking pot while eating meals. A cultural idiom 'pot licking' also gives a culturally specific meaning in a Pakistani society; for example, the girl is from a religious family, and she licks the pots after meals as recommended in Islamic teachings; she and her mother cook very delicious foods, so they lick the pots at the end of their meals. If it is not so, how can one lick the pot after meals? In a cultural context, it is believed that licking pots after meals can cause too much rain at the time of marriage. Rain because of pot licking, the few items given to the girl as her dowry that also shows the financial and social status of the girl's family, the fear and worries of the mother and bearing the bride's palanquin on shoulders are socio-psychological factors of a Pakistani society. shows that the bridegroom might not be a man of good moral character. We can judge his character and personality through his feelings about hennaed hands and slim fingers that he liked, his mental approach to think about dowry and the use of this word 'wench' for a young girl who is his bride, and who is going to be a respectable member of his family. All these are good examples of socio-psychological factors of a Pakistani society.

d)
It is dark in the palankeen, thinks the bride… …What sort of a man is my husband?
After the painting of the mother's and the bridegroom's characters and their feelings, the poet speaks of the bride's mindthe most important, fearful, worried and central character in the poem. The bride has a chain of thoughts in her mind; she thinks about getting dark, the leaking of palanquin and her wet feet because of raining, but she cannot tell anyone about them.
She looks through the curtain and cannot find even a single familiar face whom she can talk about her uneasiness because of cold and scary moments at that time. At the same time, she is thinking about her cot, tin trunk and a mirror-glass that will be destroyed in the rain. She thinks about her future life in her husband's house, so she says, 'What sort of a man is my husband?' The focus of the bridegroom is the beauty of the bride; the focus of the bride is the character of the bridegroom. If her husband is a man of character, a man of principal, she is safe to lead a happy life; she will not be a stranger among the strangers in a new house because her husband will be there to lead and guide her in every difficult situation and lead a happy and respectful life. In a Pakistani socio-psychological framework, a good husband, in fact, is believed to be a symbol of power and respect at the back of a loyal and obedient wife, so the bride is thinking about her husband. thinking about her face beauty, the girl's perception of the bridegroom as her husband, the mental satisfaction of the bridegroom and the bride are very important because all these actions will lead to a happy sexual relationshipmental and physical satisfactionand that will be the 'consummation' of the marriage. Another meaningful word used by the poet is 'coy' with 'bride.' No one knows the truth and reality; the bride can be shy and modest, but the poet does not seem to believe that. The word 'coy' means making a pretence of shyness or modesty that is really alluring. The shyness and modesty of a bride can be true, natural, tricky, or deceptive; no one knows the reality, but the poet preferred to convey a negative meaning on purpose. He could have used some other words; the bride's mother used the word 'shy' for her daughter in line four of the poem. All the characters are of different age and level of maturity, but we can see that maturity is not related to the age; maturity means manners. All these socio-psychological factors of human life are very important in different societies worldwide; they have strong roots in social and psychological development of an individual and a society as a whole.

Findings
a c) The most important thing for the bridegroom is the beauty of the bride that can help her to be an eye start for her husband, and he can ignore many things that are generally not ignorable for him because of some socio-psychological factors. Even a greedy bridegroom can ignore the value of dowry if the bride is beautiful and seductive, but some of the family members usually do not; the bridegroom's conditional remarks about the dowry and his father's expectation are the best example it. This is believed that such a way of thinking, as seen through different characters, is because of the socio-psychological factors in a Pakistani society.
f) The ferryman knows the consequences of being late when crossing a river in such a bad weather, so he seems to be punctual and tells the bridegroom's father to come back on time. On the contrary, the bridegroom's father thinks about it a little, and he believes that the ferryman will wait because he will be paid extra. The father does not link the punctuality with a moral issue, with something embarrassing, with something the society does not like, but he links it with paying some extra money because of being late and that is all. This is another picture of the society with a stamp of socio-psychological factors on it.
g) The socio-psychological factors related to the idea of pot licking, using the words 'wench, consummation and coy' are far from the reality. Pot licking has nothing to do with bad weather and raining; the word 'wench' is not suitable for a bride; the word 'consummation' is a good one to express an idea related to marriage, but the word has not been talking about a newly married bride; it does not give the due respect to the bride socially, legally and religiously, and all that is due to socio-psychological factors of a Pakistani society at that time that came into being after long-standing social practices.
h) The discourse analysis and its findings show that the researcher has successfully answered the research questions focusing on the socio-psychological factors of human life presented in the poem through different characters.

Conclusion
Discourse analysis is a broad research field to study written or spoken language focusing on its relation to social context, and it helps to understand how language is used in real life situations, the purposes, and effects of using different types of language choices. After going through the text of 'Wedding in the Flood,' the researcher has concluded that the poem is full of remarkable references that are because of the socio-psychological factors of human life in Pakistani society. These socio-psychological factors include the worries and restlessness of bride's mother about the future life her daughter, the possible consequences of the worthless dowry, the bridegroom's focus on bride's face beauty and its conditional link to the dowry, the expectations and feelings of the bride about her husband's character and personality, the bridegroom's father who is desperately thinking of the worthless dowry, paying extra to the ferryman because of being unpunctual or late, referring the bride as a pot licking wench, coy bride and sarcastic remark on the concept of consummation of marriage. All these are the references that clearly bear the stamp of socio-psychological factors of human life on them.
These socio-psychological factors come into being after long-standing practices in a particular society, and then the people in that particular society act accordingly.