Turkish President’s Address to The Joint Session of Pakistan’s Parliament: A Corpus Assisted Positive Discourse Analysis

Formal visits to friendly regions have grown in popularity worldwide in recent years. Heads of state addresses are analysed from a unique perspective. Positive discourse analysis of speeches by international leaders has garnered attention, particularly in Pakistan, following Turkey's president's four visits to the country over the last decade. For the fourth time, he was given the opportunity to address the joint session of parliament. Since their independence, Turkey and Pakistan have had a friendly relationship, and even before that, the people of the region fought to defend the Ottoman Empire during World War II. The people of the subcontinent were active participants in the process, pleading with the British government to maintain the Khilafat system. Very little research has been conducted on presidential speeches, particularly those delivered by Turkish leaders. As a result, the focus of this research paper is on President Erdogan's speeches to the Pakistani Parliament, delivered on November 17, 2016, and February 14, 2020. This study employs a corpus-assisted positive discourse analysis approach in which the concordance patterns obtained from the corpora have been explained in the light of positive discourse analysis. The findings of the study indicate that President Erdogan's speeches are brimming with optimistic language. He tries to establish a brotherly bond with his listeners through mutual equality, respect, love, and strategic collaboration. He seems to be convinced that it is necessary to emphasise the Islamic bond that exists between the two brotherly states. The current paper is noteworthy because it applies positive discourse analysis to Turkish leaders' speeches, broadening its application scope and enriching the research content of positive discourse analysis through a corpus-informed approach. (PDA) to analyse the speeches of world leaders. J. R. Martin (2004) has provided a new perspective on discourse analysis to researchers. The concordance model provides a theoretical foundation under the umbrella of positive discourse analysis. Because it is simple and effective for analysing any text, PDA has attracted a large number of scholars from all fields. The researchers chose President Erdogan's speeches delivered at the Pakistani Parliament because approaches to speech analysis are uncommon in Pakistan. The research uses Baker's (2008) concordance model of the lexical item, adjective, to conduct corpus-assisted PDA research. It is worth noting that the author chooses to analyse Erdogan's speeches in English because his audience understands him better through an English translation. As a result, the true bond of Islamic brotherhood between the speaker and the audience is the exploration of adjectives in speeches under the guise of positive discourse analysis. This study provides a quick review of the previous research carried out on positive discourse analysis and corpus methodology. The researchers have blended the Positive discourse analysis with corpus linguistics to carry out the analysis of the speeches. The speeches of Erdogan have been analysed using the Baker (2008) model of concordance to see how the president uses adjectives to connect with the people of Pakistan.


Objectives
The following are the objectives of this study: 1. To find out adjectives in speeches using a concordance model.
2. To look at the adjectives used in the context of the speech.
3. To look into the function of adjectives in positive discourse analysis. President Erdogan's use of adjectives during the joint session of the Pakistani parliament. Turkey is a developed Islamic country in the middle of Europe and Asia. Pakistan is an important strategic partner in Asia, shares the same religion as Turkey, and is a close political partner. As a result, the speeches of Turkey's President have a significant regional and international impact. As a result, positive discourse analysis has been used to examine the role of adjectives used in the speeches.

Literature Review
In recent years, formal visits to friendly regions have grown in popularity worldwide.
Addresses by heads of state are analysed from a unique vantage point. These visits can have farreaching regional and international ramifications, particularly if they are made by leaders of politically powerful countries. A political leader's visit to another country benefits the receiving country by bringing a slew of economic benefits and treaties. Any visit to another country by the Turkish president will almost certainly be accompanied by cultural agreements and memorandums of understanding.
Moreover, President Erdogan's address to the Pakistani parliament is historic on political and cultural levels. Parliament is the most powerful institution in the country, and granting foreign leaders the floor demonstrates a strong bond and mutual respect. The following section contains a discussion on positive discourse analysis:

Positive Discourse Analysis (PDA)
PDA is a relatively new venue for researchers interested in novel facets of research. As a novel lens through which to view discourse, J. R. Martin's PDA emphasises the labour of discourse creation and the imperative to create a better world. It is critical as discourse analysis progresses from CDA to PDA. Discourse analysis shifts from a deconstructive to a constructive mode of analysis. PDA is more of a complement and progression than CDA in terms of hypothetical assumptions and explanatory techniques. Martin (2004) proposed PDA in his paper Positive discourse analysis: Solidarity and Change at the international conference in Birmingham. He believes that the subject of linguistic analysis should include not only unequally bad news but also very good news. The investigation into PDA began late in Pakistan, but it has been discussed in a variety of settings, including open discourses and the press. According to Zhu Yongsheng (2006) It is important to note that PDA is not a celebration of a text based on the analyst's ideological viewpoint; rather, it seeks to recognise discourses that have the potential to promote the societal improvements that we desire. To put it another way, PDA engages with real-world issues by focusing on areas where dialogue is most effective (Bartlett, 2012). As a result, Bartlett believes that PDA will benefit from an ethnographic approach that situates texts and discourses within a broader definition of the practises and culture of those who create them. This contextualization is required not only to comprehend the roots of the discourse in terms of the conditions of possibility that gave rise to it but also to suggest the conditions of possibility by which progress in the new discourse could be accomplished.
PDA, on the other hand, would not 'assume that social issues, such as racism or gender inequality, have been resolved and that we all need to "calm down"' (p. 1) (Majid, 2007). It achieves its emancipatory goal by examining as the focus of study discourses that consciously oppose injustices such as segregation, exclusion, and repression (Hughes, 2018). PDA views resistance as a collective action capable of bringing about progressive change and transformation in society, not just a reaction to inequality and oppression. Examining resistance discourses is thus "a generative project that uses research subjects as tools for imagining and carrying out emancipatory agendas" (Hughes, 2018, p. 199).
Theoretical research into PDA is still in its early stages, and more refinement and perfection are required. PDA will attract the interest of researchers because it is distinguished by a tender assessment demeanor, as well as an optimistic and valuable review.

Concordance Model of Analysis
The study of emerging important lexical trends was constantly supplemented by the examination of concordances. In the analyst's immediate co-text, a concordance provides examples of a word or cluster (Baker, 2008 sorted in different ways to help the analyst examine different trends within the same word/cluster.
Concordance research allows for the examination of language features in co-text while taking into account and inferring from the context the meaning that the researcher is aware of. It is no surprise, then, that it is the only Corpus Linguistics method with which discourse analysts appear comfortable. It demonstrates that Corpus Linguistics is not afraid of 'qualitative' research.
Furthermore, because concordance analysis looks at a set number of concordance lines, the results can be categorised and quantified in absolute and relative terms to spot potential trends.

Positive Discourse Analysis with Corpus
The purpose of this study is to look at the Turkish President's speeches from a positive discourse analysis perspective (PDA). A crucial methodological component of this study, in addition to the PDA, is the use of Corpus to locate the lexical items used to project the desired agenda as valid and actual. A dichotomy of two points of view on a single expression can be found in a variety of genres. The linguistic objects used in the voice were examined using Corpus. A corpus is "a collection of naturally occurring instances of language gathered for language research, ranging from a few sentences to a group of written messages or tape accounts." Corpus Linguistics is an etymological study based on the hypothesis that the significance of "normally occurring" speech can be better understood when viewed in its real-world capability and environment (Vessey, 2013). Corpus linguistics can be used to determine how important it is to include and exclude such etymological and literary highlights. It classifies and examines the language constructs that are used, relying on experimental proof as a foundation. This data-driven evidence decodes the spoken word to determine "probabilities, patterns, overlapping events, or highlight groupings" (Cheng and Lam 2012, p. 175). These expectations can be used to estimate the inclinations and constraints related to these characteristics "for what they are" (Hanks, 2012, p. 405). To a large extent, collocations, concordances, descriptive sentences, and catchphrases are all used to accomplish these goals. These highlights concentrate on real-world examples of language that can be subjectively dissected in order to comprehend their utility and attitude implications (Sinclair 1996, McEnery andWilson 1996). Corpus Linguistics considers language to be indistinguishable from a philosophical component in this way; such language research yields a level of objectivity that cannot be attained through instinct or reflection (Baker, 2006, p. 3).
Corpus Linguistics examinations of media-related investigations have been found to have a high degree of objectivity, according to scientists. If projects and factual techniques in corpora are used correctly, they can help limit biases about semantic and phonetic content. It can also be used to guide a fixed language analysis (Baker, 2006). PDA and Corpus are frequently used together in studies, despite the fact that they are two different analytical perspectives. Corpus Linguistics (CL) and Positive Discourse Analysis (PDA) are the two most common approaches to quantitative and qualitative analysis. When these approaches are used, quantitative findings become more robust and reliable, and qualitative research becomes more precise and specific (McEnery & Wilson, 2001). The use of a large number of representative texts in Corpus Linguistics (CL) helps to keep the researcher and the data at a safe distance (Hoffmann et al., 2008). This approach, however, may jeopardise the findings because the factual instruments used in the investigation may provide a broader explanation of the facts under consideration. PDA, on the other hand, allows for a more thorough investigation of the subject at hand. The data is analysed while the sociopolitical context is taken into account. It is a reasonable compromise between Corpus' emphasis on literal meaning and objectivity and PDA's emphasis on rhetorical meaning and subjectivity. The combined effect of these two strategies has a significant positive impact on the end result. The results of a study that incorporates these two methods will be enhanced.

Research Methodology
This study falls under the category of corpus-assisted mixed method research. The corpora were examined in terms of PDA using Baker's (2008) Concordance model. The study is based on the constructive discourse analysis principle, which was developed by Martin (2004). The current study focuses on Erdogan's use of the lexical item 'Adjectives' in his speeches as President of Theoretical framework Baker's (2008) concordance model serves as the theoretical foundation for this study. Baker's (2008) model of concordance analysis is composed of adjectives. The lexical item "adjectives" is critical to comprehending the language; Lewis' (1990s) lexical approach suggests that adjectives are a necessary component of the language for expressing opinions, and the adjectives are then analysed favourably through constructive discourse analysis.

Analysis of Data
Turkey and Pakistan have reached a pinnacle in their relationship. The relationship, according to President Erdogan, is "deeper than the sea, sweeter than honey, and higher than the mountain." These are comparative adjectives, and the bonds between them have become so strong over the last seven decades that they are now ready for the superlative adjective degree. I am confident that the heads of state will claim deepest, sweetest, and best at the upcoming meetings.
If a visitor comes to the subcontinent frequently, it is assumed that the relationship is brotherly.
And this is a long-standing tradition in Turkey and Pakistan. adjectives, out of a total of 2613. Adjectives account for 7% of the total word count. Table 1 shows the adjectives and their frequency in concordance, which was created with the Antconc programme (version 3.5.8.0) and TagAnt (version 1.2.0) for tagging. In recent months, the number of cultural exchanges between Turkey and Pakistan has increased dramatically.
In addition, this plan demonstrates how these two countries work together on issues other than defence. Turkey, as a world power, strives to strengthen economic and cultural ties with other countries. Cultural and religious relationships have a greater influence than other types of relationships, such as economic or defence.
The most striking comparison is between Turkish and Pakistani words. In the speech, the word "turkish" appears 9 times, while "pakistani" appears 42 times. The Turkish word is used less frequently than the Pakistani word by Turkish President Erdogan. It shows how he emphasises Pakistan's contribution to regional development. The word 'Pakistan,' which has been used 42 times, is the most frequently used and has special meaning in Turkish President Erdogan's eyes.
He understands that Pakistan is the only country that can weather both good and bad times.
'Terrorist' is the next word that comes up frequently. South Asia is the world's most strategically important region, and for the past five decades, it has been plagued by terrorism. All of the world's underground agencies rush to this location because it is strategically important.
Turkey is a rising world power, and one of the reasons for its prominence is the second Afghan conflict. The third location of Pakistan is in the heart of South Asia.  Figure 1 depicts Erdogan's use of the word "Pakistani" in his speech, which is full of positive discourse. The context of a keyword reveals the entire story. President Erdogan is concerned about Pakistan's situation in South Asia. In President Erdogan's speech, he uses the word in contexts such as Pakistani brothers and sisters, Pakistani delegation, the Pakistani government, Pakistan students, Pakistani heroes, Pakistani parliament, and many more. President

KWIC Concordance Words in Context
Erdogan is a man of action, and he never forgets the Pakistani government's and people's assistance. During the army coup, Pakistan backed Erdogan wholeheartedly against the army.
Pakistan has banned Fatah Golan outfits in the country, even at Erdogan's request. He recalled Pakistanis' support for the Ottoman Empire during WWI, particularly Abdurrahman Peshawari, who fought the occupiers in Anatolia.

Figure 1 KWIC Concordances for word Pakistani in Erdogan Speech to Pakistani Parliament
In Figure 2, the word 'Kashmiri' has an interesting concordance, and Turkey's president has Kashmir issue and linked it to the city of Anakkale. "Events that occurred a century ago in Anakkale, Turkey, are being repeated in Indian-occupied Kashmir," he said. The words "Kashmiri people," "Kashmiri brothers," and "Kashmiri delegation" are used in a way that expresses concern and reservation about this massive humanitarian crisis. "We are aware of the distress and suffering of our Kashmiri brothers and sisters," says President Erdogan. As a result of the analysis, the speech is entirely positive. Islamic nation. The context demonstrates his concern for the Islamic Ummah's deteriorating situation. Figure 5 depicts President Erdogan's use of the word "terrorist" used 24 times in his speech. He employs it frequently to convey his concern and apprehension about this threat. He associates Fateullah Golen's terrorism with the Pakistani terrorist group TTP. This word is used in the context of terrorist attacks, terrorist organisations, and so on. He was well aware that both countries are situated in a key strategic region and have been victims of terrorist attacks. Although the word has a negative connotation, its usage and context reveal an opposing meaning. He is certain that if both states work together, they will be able to eliminate this threat.

Figure 5 KWIC Concordances for word terrorist in Erdogan Speech to Pakistani Parliament
In figure 6, the word 'honourable' appears 18 times. Turkey's people are very polite and respectful, which is how he portrays Pakistanis and members of parliament in this world. The word is used in the context of honourable chairman, honourable speaker, and so on. The use of this word by President Erdogan in his speech demonstrates the positivity discourse.

Conclusion
The positive impact of President Erdogan's speeches in Pakistan's parliament during official state visits in 2016 and 2020 was investigated in this paper. Erdogan's speeches, particularly his use of adjectives, are full of hope. The adjectives depict the Turkish president's overall approach. He uses adjectives in a different with positive connotations like Pakistani, Terrorism, Turkish, political, Islamic, brotherly, and honourable. He addresses the legislators, but his tone and language are intended for the general public. In terms of positive discourse analysis, both speeches are persuasive, rational, and truth-based. Brotherhood, love, reverence, friendship, Islamic ideals, tradition, and community are reflected in the speeches' 183 adjective corpora.
Erdogan's speeches demonstrate that in an Islamic brotherly country, speeches are full of positive discourse, resulting in a more positive and constructive tie between the two nations.
The use of strong and positive adjectives encourages listeners to think about the Ummah as a whole. Suffering in one part of the Ummah will have ramifications throughout the Ummah.
The appealing words enchanted the audience, inspiring them to consider how they could help the Muslim Ummah. It is only natural that constructive discourse leads to positive attitudes and behaviour. As a result, President Erdogan's positive adjectives in his speeches influenced not only the Pakistani government but also the general public. The speeches, particularly the adjectives, lend themselves well to discourse analysis. These adjectives have a significant impact on speeches, and they have an even greater impact on Pakistani audiences. This leads to a lot of cross-cultural interaction between the brotherly nations. The best example is the popularity of the Turkish drama, Ertugral Ghazi, which set records in Pakistan. It demonstrates the ties that bind us, the Pakistanis, to the Turkish people. President Erdogan's speeches are a good example of constructive discourse.
In a nutshell, 2613 corpus data of Turkish President Erdogan's speeches were analysed using PDA and Baker's corpus lexical model (2003). Antconc and Ant tagger were used to extract lexical category adjectives. The speeches themselves have an uplifting tone which created a feeling of friendliness among the Pakistani audience. In the speeches, the adjectives were mixed with nice words like gratitude, collaboration, and brotherhood to strengthen the bond with the Pakistani audience. This paper presents a unique combination of corpus linguistics and Positive discourse analysis which lead to the corpus informed positive discourse analysis of the Turkish President.
This paper provides a new direction to the researchers interested in the analysis of diplomatic discourse.