English Translation of Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di : A Study on Category Shifts

This study aims at exploring category shifts in English translation Facts are Facts of the Pashto text Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di by Khan Abdul Wali Khan. It investigates the nature of category shifts, giving an overview of prior theories of translation. It adopts qualitative method, using closing reading technique as a tool for collection as well as interpretation of data under the theoretical framework of Catford’s theory of translation shifts. It analyzes category shifts in English translation Facts are Facts , by studying source text and target text in parallel. It finds out answer to the question: What are category shifts in English translation Facts are Facts of the Pashto text Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di ? Moreover, it gives an avenue to future researchers to apply category shifts to other forms of translated literature.


I. Introduction
Translation is a creative-cum-mechanical act involving three processes: cognitive, communicative and linguistic process. It is a cognitive process in that it touches upon what is going on in the mind of translator. This means that thought processes of translator are given attention in the process of translation. Translation is a communicative process meaning that there is cross-cultural communication when a person translates a stretch of language, showing cultural conventions, perception of the world, habits, social institutions, etc. Translation is essentially a linguistic process in which a translator pays particular attention to language of the text, including form, functions, effects, etc. Translation plays a significant part in the fields of knowledge. It helps disseminate human intellectual pursuits. Subsequently, it brings about cultural innovation and development. However, translation is subject to shifts, or departure from equivalence or correspondence or both: one of the ends of a translator is to create equivalence between source text (ST) and target text (TT). One of the challenges posed to translation is that it loses effect of the original text, especially in the case of poetry. This is because of shifts. According to Catford (1965), shift is a deviation from formal balance in the process of moving from source text to target text. It is of two types: shift of level and shift of category. Aesthetic pleasure created by prosodic and metrical features is not sometimes relayed to the target culture. On the contrary, prose translation is not comparatively as difficult as poetry; because prose and poetry do not follow the same way of expression. There are not as many shifts in prose as in poetry. It is needless to say that shifts occurring in prose can also occur in poetry.

II. Review of Related Literature
According to Munday (2001), the term translation is used in several senses. First, it refers to a product, signifying a written language translated. It is a finished end product passed through a process. Second, it also refers to a process involving source language and target language.
Source language is the one from which something is translated, whereas target language is the one to which something is translated. As a process, translation is categorized into interlingual, intralingual and intersemiotic translation. Third, translation also refers to academic discipline covering history, theories and strategies of translation. Translation is a linguistic, cognitive, cultural and communicative process involving rendition of written language. Newmark (1981), has drawn a dichotomy between semantic and communicative translation using certain parameters. Semantic translation emphasizes thought processes of the translator. Communicative translation emphasizes intention of the translator and culture rather than thought processes as it is more subjective in nature. Venuti (1995) introduced foreignization and domestication as strategies of translation, providing linguistic and cultural guidance. Foreignization refers to influence of cultural deviation on those cultural norms to exhibit linguistic and cultural variations of the foreign text, sending the audience abroad. Venuti (ibid) favors foreignization as a strategy.
It is a form of opposition against cultural deviation, racial discrimination, cultural superiority, and subjugation for the benefits of liberal state relations. Domestication refers to a culturecentred reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural standards, fetching the author back home. According to Nida (1964), there are principles of correspondence in translation, which lie under the process of translation. Languages differ in terms of form and substance. and Darbelnet drew a comparative review of English and French, exploring differences and making distinction between direct and oblique translation. As far as the differences are concerned, they did not describe the differences as shifts, but, of course, they were the first to study translation shifts. According to Ahmad (2020), language is a significant part of human culture. Human culture and language are interconnected with each other. They both have influence over each other in the process of evolution. According to Kantiastuti (2014), meaning transfer is a crucial aspect of translation; it is of different types: complete meaning, increased meaning, decreased meaning, and nonequivalent meaning. According to Jacobson (1959), languages vary basically in what they ought to communicate and not in what they may communicate. These differences are made in terms of gender, aspect and semantic field.
Jacobson (ibid) argues that there is not any common total equivalence between language-units.
To Fang (2011), the connection between ideology and translation is manifold; translation is a phenomenon rooted in history and society, in which different conflicting ideologies confront each other. According to Haque (2012), translation of prose is essentially the translation of fictional prose or non-fiction prose, including novels, short stories, folk tale, comedy, works of criticism, hagiography and the like.

III. Methodology
This study adopts qualitative method. According to Jamshed (2014), research methodology is a set of techniques acting like a design of architecture by means of which a researcher forms a mental bent to identify a problem and come up with a solution to the problem.
It is a detailed procedure representing selection of a person conducting the study, relying on the characteristics and kind of the problem of one's study. To Creswell (2009), qualitative methodology of research is a blanket term referring to a set of study design based certain theoretical dimensions. Close reading is used as a technique for the collection of data pertaining to the topic; it is an objective way of analysis emphasizing on moves used in developing a depth of understanding related to a text. In other words, it is a device used to understand a demanding text, encompassing the reader forming a in-depth comprehension of literary piece, rather than a prompt and superficial view of the main idea of a stretch of language. The procedure of close reading starts with the comprehension of words and expressions and their different shades of

IV. Analysis and Interpretation
Category shift is a kind of shift marked by deviation from structural correspondence in terms of grammatical category rather than level of language. It covers the following: unit shift, class shift, structure shift and intra-system shift.

Interpretation of Unit Shift (rank shift)
Unit shift refers to a shift in which a unit of language such as morpheme, lexeme, phrase or sentence, rendered with a separate unit. For instance, a word is rendered with a phrase: a phrase is translated with a word. The following shifts of unit have been explored and analyzed: Example 1:
‫شو"‬ ‫کولے‬ ‫پيش‬ ‫"جواز‬ (ʤɘwɑːz pɛʃ kɘwɑlɛ ʃʊ) is a phrase in Pashtu, consisting of a group of words, that is, noun, helping and main verb. This phrase is translated in English translation as rationalized, a word in English.
BT: These Mullahs could gave justification for their (the British) policies. The British strategy was to befriend those families whose friends were involved in the freedom struggle.
This phrase is translated with a word, that is, befriend. In this case, a phrase in source text is rendered with a word in target language.

BT:
The British tried to make friends with those families involved fighting the British. The sentence in Pashto is a compound sentence consisting of two independent clauses. This sentence is split up into two sentences in target text. In other words, clause in ST is rendered with a sentence in TT; clause is shifted to sentence in the process of going from source text to target text.

BT:
The British were conducting this intrigue with utmost secrecy that their enemies had no suspicion that such documents and letters were being exchanged. ‫وۍ"‬ ‫ټاکلې‬ ‫ډلې‬ ‫درې‬ ‫مليانو‬ ‫د‬ ‫"کننګم‬ (kənɪŋgɘm dɘ mʊljɘnʊ drɪ dɘlɪ tɘkɘlɪ wɛ) is a clause in ST. It is a constituent of a larger construction. This constituent is shifted to a construction in TT.
BT: Cunningham made three groups of Mullahs, assigning the smaller Mullahs to local khans and nawab.

Interpretation of Class Shift
Class shift is a form of category shift, referring to the deviation of grammatical class, such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc. The following shifts of class have been explored and analyzed: ‫ره"‬ ‫پا‬ ‫د‬ ‫غالمولو‬ ‫"د‬ (dɘ ɣwɘlɘmɘwɘlʊ dɑpɘrɘ) is an expression acting as a verb, meaning for making (someone) slave. This verbal group is translated as custodian of slavery, which is a noun phrase in English, consisting of head (custodian) and modifier (of slavery). A verbal group is shift to a noun phrase in the process of translation.

BT:
To make the Muslims slave, they sold their faith, conscience and manliness for money. ‫رابطه"‬ ‫"پټه‬ (pɘtɘ rɘbɪtɘ) is an expression in Pashto, consisting of adjective (‫/پټه‬pɘtɘ) and noun (‫/رابطه‬rɘbɪtɘ). This expression is translated as work secretly, consisting of verb (work) and adverb (secretly). It follows that noun and adjective are shifted to verb and adverb respectively in the process of translation.

BT:
He was commissioned to have secret contact with the tribal Mullahs. TT: Cunningham's next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs, it now be ascertained whether or not they were actively engaged in ant-congress propaganda.

Interpretation of Structure Shift
The two sentences ( ‫؟‬ ‫نه‬ ‫که‬ ‫او‬ ‫کوي‬ ‫(پروپېګنډه‬ ‫؟‬ ‫نه‬ ‫که‬ ‫او‬ ‫کوي‬ ‫پروپېګنډه‬ ) … (kʌnɪŋgʌm sɘrɘ dɘ fɪkɘr ʃʊ) ‫شوفکر‬ ‫دا‬ ‫سره‬ ‫)کننګم‬ in ST are rendered with one sentence, that is, Cunningham's next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs, it now be ascertain whether or not they were actively engaged in anti-congress propaganda. It is evident two sentences have been translated with a sentence in TT.
BT: Cunningham thought that the money was distributed among the Mullahs in all directions.
TT: Cunningham's next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs…

V. Conclusion
This study tried to find out category shifts in Pashto text Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di. Category shifts refer to a class of translation shifts, signifying deviation from formal correspondence in terms of unit, class, structure and intra-system. This study explored all of the category shifts in the Pashto text. Examples of all forms of category shift are discussed below.
First of all, unit shift is analyzed as follows:
‫شو"‬ ‫کولے‬ ‫پيش‬ ‫"جواز‬ ( ʤɘwɑːz pɛʃ kɘwɑlɛ ʃʊ) is a phrase in Pashtu, consisting of a group of words, that is, noun, helping and main verb. This phrase is translated in English translation as rationalized, a word in English.
BT: These Mullahs could gave justification for their (the British) policies.
Second, class shifts are analyzed as follows: ‫"ويريدل"‬ (wɘjɘrɛdɘl) is a verb in Pashto. It is translated as 'concerned', which is an adjective in English. It functions as adjective in TT. Verb is shifted to adjective in the process of translation.

BT:
Having refused the offer of Ghandhiji by Jinnah, the British in London feared that this made Jinnah very unpopular.
Third, structure shifts are analyzed as follows: TT: Cunningham's next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs, it now be ascertained whether or not they were actively engaged in ant-congress propaganda.
The two sentences ( ‫؟‬ ‫نه‬ ‫که‬ ‫او‬ ‫کوي‬ ‫(پروپېګنډه‬ ‫؟‬ ‫نه‬ ‫که‬ ‫او‬ ‫کوي‬ ‫پروپېګنډه‬ ) … (kʌnɪŋgʌm sɘrɘ dɘ fɪkɘr ʃʊ) ‫شوفکر‬ ‫دا‬ ‫سره‬ ‫)کننګم‬ in ST are rendered with one sentence, that is, Cunningham's next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs, it now be ascertain whether or not they were actively engaged in anti-congress propaganda. It is evident two sentences have been translated with a sentence in TT.
BT: Cunningham thought that the money was distributed among the Mullahs in all directions.
People were befriended through the Mullahs; it is to be known whether or not the Mullahs really disseminated propaganda for the British.
TT: Cunningham's next concern was that having spent the money to court the Mullahs… ‫"رقم"‬ (rɘqɘm) is a noun not preceded by any article in ST. It is translated as the money, which consists of article (the) and noun (money) in TT. There is a deviation in the usage of article system in the process of translation.
BT: Cunningham thought that money was spent in all directions.
Moreover, Rekhtyia Rekhtyia Di can be analyzed through the lens of shifts described by Vinay and Derbelnet and the deforming tendencies described by Antonie Berman. Furthermore, category shifts can also be applied to other genres of Pashto literature, especially poetry.