Analysing Homosexual Identity Development in E.M. Forster’s Maurice: A Study from the Perspective of the Cass Identity Model

Authors

  • Sadaf Ashraf Talpur MPhil Scholar, the Department of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh Laar Campus Badin, Pakistan Author
  • Muhammad Tufail Chandio Associate Professor, the Department of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh Laar Campus Badin, Pakistan Author
  • Sanaullah Rustamani PhD Scholar, the Institute of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh, Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33195/

Keywords:

The Cass Identity Model, homosexuality, LGBTQ, Maurice, Queer, sexual identity

Abstract

The undertaken research aims to analyse the homosexual identity development of an Edwardian gentleman named Maurice Hall depicted in E.M. Forster’s novel ‘Maurice’. The qualitative data has been reviewed from the text of the novel to analyse the homosexual identity development in the protagonist of the novel from the vantage point of the six-staged Cass identity model (1979) based on identity confusion, identity comparison, identity tolerance, identity acceptance, identity pride, and identity synthesis. The model further elucidates identity foreclosure, which is failure to complete any of these stages and stagnate the process of identity development. It has been found that Maurice Hall deems himself undesirable until he makes peace with his sexual identity by passing through each step of the Cass Identity Model.

References

American Psychological Association (2008). Answers to your questions for a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality. Retrieved Jan 1, 2022. URL: https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/orientation.

American Psychological Association (2015) Definitions related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, Annual American Psychological Documents.

Brady, S. (2005). Masculinity and Male Homosexuality in Britain. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Burns, K. (2008). Running head: Cass’s Model of homosexual identity formation. Dr Brandon Hill co.

Burr, C. (1993). Homosexuality and Biology. Retrieved on January 1, 2022. URL: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/06/homosexuality-and-biology/304683.

Cass, V. (1979). Homosexual Identity Formation: A Theoretical Model. In Journal of Sex Research, 4 (3). 219-235.

Cox, S. & Gallois, C. (1996). Gay and lesbian identity development: A social identity. In Journal of Homosexuality, 30 (4). 1-30.

Creswell, J. W. 2009. Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mix Methods Approaches (3rd Ed). London: Sage Publications.

Forster, E.M, (1937), Maurice, (1-250), W. W. Norton & company inc., 1987 edition.

Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: An Introduction. New York: Pantheon Books.

Frable, D. E. S. (1997). Gender, racial, ethnic, sexual, and class identities. In Annual Review of Psychology, 48. 119-162, Annual reviews Inc.

Freud, S. (1913). An interpretation of Dreams. New York: The MacMillan Company.

Freud, S. (1935). Statement on Homosexuality. In The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. 7, 123-245.

Grollman, E. A. (2014). Fear of Violence at the Intersections of Sexuality, Gender, and Race and Ethnicity. Retrieved Jan 1, 2022. URL: http://egrollman.com/category/research-2.

Hancock, B. (2009). An Introduction to Qualitative Research, p. 6. https://www.rdsyh.nihr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/5_Introduction-to-qualitative-research-2009.pdf.

Haseldon, L. (2009). Measuring Sexual Identity, A Guide for Researchers. Cardiff: Newport.

Hynes, S.L. (1968). The Edwardian Turn of Mind. London: Random House UK.

Kinsey, A. (1948). Sexual Behavior in Human Male. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

Levine, H. (1997). A further exploration of the lesbian identity development process and its measurement. In Journal of Homosexuality, 34(2). 67-78.

Marszalek, J.F., & Cashwell, C. S. (1999). The gay and lesbian affirmative development (GLAD) model: Applying Ivey’s developmental counseling therapy model to Cass' gay and lesbian identity development model. Adultspan Journal. I. 13-31.

McCarn. S. R. & Fassinger. R. E. (1996). Revisioning sexual minority identity formation: A new model of lesbian identity and its implications for counseling and research. In The Counseling Psychologist, 24. 508-534.

Mobley, M. & Slanely, R. B. (1996). Holland's Theory: Its Relevance for Lesbian Women and Gay Men. In Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48 (2). 125-135.

Murphy, D. (1992). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Vancouver: American Psychiatric Association.

Mustanski, B. (2003). Homosexuality. Retrieved on January 1, 2022. URL: http://diggy.ruc.dk:8080/retrieve/4315/license.txt.

Plummer, K. (1975). Sexual Stigma. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Reiter, L. (1989). Sexual orientation, sexual identity, and the question of choice. In, Clinical Social Work Journal. 17 (2). 121-140.

Sophie, J. (1986). A critical examination of stage theories of lesbian identity development. In Journal of Homosexuality, 12(2), 39-51.

Tamagne, F. (1919). A History of Homosexuality in Europe. New York: Algora Publishing.

Downloads

Published

02/07/2024

How to Cite

Sadaf Ashraf Talpur, Muhammad Tufail Chandio, & Sanaullah Rustamani. (2024). Analysing Homosexual Identity Development in E.M. Forster’s Maurice: A Study from the Perspective of the Cass Identity Model. University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 8(I), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.33195/

Similar Articles

1-10 of 62

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.